Towards low-carbon sanitation: Strategies for SUWC Cities

This study provides the first systematic assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the sanitation service chain across 12 cities and municipalities under SNV’s Sustainable Urban Water Cycles (SUWC) project in Bangladesh. The study estimates total annual emissions of 445.13 million kgCO₂e, with 99.38% originating from containment systems, primarily pits and septic tanks. Treatment facilities account for 0.62%, while emissions from emptying and transport are negligible. Methane (CH₄) is the dominant emission source, contributing 76.64% of total emissions, followed by nitrous oxide (N₂O) at 17.94% and embedded carbon at 5.41%. Gazipur City Corporation records the highest total emissions at 211.82 million kgCO₂e per year, followed by Sylhet and Khulna, while Chhatak has the lowest. Per capita emissions also vary considerably across cities. The findings highlight containment systems as the critical point for sanitation-related climate mitigation. Recommended measures include converting pit latrines to septic tanks, improving containment conditions, introducing plastic septic tanks, and promoting aerobic sanitation technologies. At the treatment stage, methane capture, aerobic treatment, and co-composting with biochar offer potential mitigation and resource-recovery opportunities. The study provides evidence to support SNV, local governments and development partners in integrating climate mitigation into sustainable urban sanitation planning and implementation.

Donor: Embassy of the kingdom of the Netherlands

 Implemented by: SNV 

Partners: Chapainawabganj Paurashava, Shibganj Paurashava, Kushtia Paurashava, Joypurhat Paurashava, Lalmonirhat Paurashava, Khulna City Corporation, Bagerhat Paurashava, Gazipur City Corporation, Cumilla City Corporation, Sylhet City Corporation, Moulvibazar Paurashava and Chhatak Paurashava.

Shahidul Islam

Sector Leader – Water 

Email: shahidulislam@snv.org

Transitioning to SUWC in Bangladesh | SNV